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Local currency bond markets in ASEAN+3 play an important role in diversifying financial intermediary channels and mitigating the impacts of financial crises. They also have the potential to help mobilize developing Asia's significant savings to meet the region's enormous infrastructure investment needs. Drawing extensively on knowledge generated by the ASEAN+3 Bond Market Forum, the publication looks at the essential building blocks and the enabling...
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The Government of Kazakhstan considers public-private partnership (PPP) as an important source of infrastructure funding and service delivery; thus, it continues to improve the legal mechanisms of PPP, develop its institutional setup, and structure pilot projects. PPP has been employed at the central and local government levels to deliver economic and social infrastructure including education, healthcare, transport, power, housing, and public utilities....
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This publication highlights 100 projects and programs of the Asian Development Bank, development partners, governments, and the private sector to support cities across Asia and the Pacific in addressing the challenges of climate change. The climate actions were, drawn from multiple sectors-renewable energy, carbon finance, transport, land use, information and communication technology, climate action plans, building energy efficiency, solid waste management,...
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“The Story of Lanka Electricity Company (Pvt) Limited (LECO) of Sri Lanka” is how one of the earliest examples of electricity industry reforms in 1983 turned into a landmark example for South Asia and beyond. Homegrown technical innovations, implemented with Asian Development Bank's support for investments and to improve governance in Sri Lanka's electricity distribution sector, eventually led to improved performance. Developing an organizational...
65) Bangladesh's Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development Sector Assessment and Strategy
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This country sector assessment shows how rapid economic growth and climate change are impacting Bangladesh's agriculture, natural resources, and rural development sector, and outlines ways the Asian Development Bank (ADB) is helping foster greater food security. With agriculture generating over 40% of jobs, it analyzes changing demand patterns, shows how the pandemic and food price rises have hit the sector, and explores how increasing production...
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Digital trade promotion has been a long-standing priority for CAREC member countries, as part of their integration into global value chains and economic diversification. This study examines the legal environment on electronic transactions as well as the opportunities and challenges in expanding electronic commerce in the CAREC region. It makes a case for modernization and harmonization of laws of CAREC countries leveraging on international instruments...
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The Asia Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Monitor (ASM) is a knowledge-sharing product developed as a key resource for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise development policies in Asia and the Pacific. The ASM 2020 Volume III is a Thematic Chapter on financial technology (fintech) loans to tricycle drivers in the Philippines, addressing how fintech affects the welfare of the self-employed and contributes to the development of country's local...
68) Gender Equality and the Labor Market: Women, Work, and Migration in the People's Republic of China
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The People's Republic of China (PRC) has made advances in narrowing gender gaps in its labor market. It has one of the highest female labor force participation rates in Asia and the Pacific at around 64% in 2013, and one of the narrowest earnings gender gaps. This study investigates how women are faring in the transition to the PRC's new growth model, and what can be done to promote women's participation. It shows how the PRC is undergoing multiple...
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Developing Asia faces greater uncertainty from the Russian invasion of Ukraine even as the region continues to contend with COVID-19 outbreaks. The war has sent shockwaves across financial and commodity markets. The highly transmissible Omicron variant has fueled a sharp rise in cases in the region, though its less severe health impact, coupled with increased immunity, has allowed economies to remain relatively open. As such, growth in the region...
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This publication provides updates on Social Protection Indicators of 13 Pacific developing member countries of the Asian Development Bank. It presents an analysis of 2015 data on social protection programs in the countries, particularly the substantial progress in terms of expenditure and benefit size between 2009 and 2015. Spending favored the nonpoor over the poor. Yet, spending on women remained behind that on men, with the gap even widening. The...
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This thematic chapter shows how the Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions are affecting micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Central and West Asia and suggests policy responses to mitigate the impact. It draws on the results of business surveys in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan carried out six months after the start of the invasion. It assesses the invasion's macroeconomic...
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These guidelines were developed through the collaborative efforts of the Asian Development Bank and the Municipal Department of Environmental Protection of Tbilisi City Hall. The publication aims to inform decisions that will contribute to the sustainable development of Tbilisi and give residents a better quality of life while protecting their valuable heritage and preserving the green landscape for successive generations. The guidelines recommend...
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Cambodia's transport sector plays a critical role in the country's economic development by supporting growth in key sectors such as agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, and construction. This publication examines Cambodia's transport sector performance, major development constraints, and the government's strategy and plans. It also reflects on lessons learned from past Asian Development Bank (ADB) assistance and identifies potential areas for future...
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This publication assesses the Kyrgyz Republic's rising exposure to landslides and looks at how ADB is providing a $35 million finance package to develop a risk reduction program designed to boost preparedness and cut their impact. Explaining why factors including rainfall patterns and high seismic activity make the country prone to landslides, it shows that over 30,000 people are at immediate risk from the events with women and marginalized groups...
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Road asset management is one of the top priorities of the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Transport and Trade Facilitation Strategy 2020. The implementation of performance-based road maintenance contracts (PBCs)-an essential element of road asset management-promotes effective and efficient maintenance of road networks. Well-designed PBCs keep roads in predefined good condition at relatively low cost. This guide aims to help policy...
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This study aims to mainstream environmental protection, climate change mitigation, and disaster risk management in the Asian Development Bank's country partnership strategy for Nepal in 2020—2024. It reviews the country's environmental situation, institutional and legislative provisions, status toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, and key challenges in creating environmentally sustainable, climate-friendly, disaster-resilient, and...
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Cities in Asia and the Pacific are increasingly at risk of heat waves, which are expected to be more severe and persistent due to global warming. The urban poor are especially vulnerable to heat stress and associated health and productivity impacts as they often work outdoors and tend to live in overcrowded housing without adequate ventilation or cooling. This publication examines opportunities for countries to pursue pro-poor urban resilience initiatives...
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The Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program, now 16 years in operation, has recorded impressive achievements in regional economic cooperation, particularly in the areas of transport, energy, trade facilitation, and trade policy. From 2001 to end September 2017, investments in member countries under CAREC have amounted to $30.5 billion, covering 182 projects. CAREC 2030 builds on the solid foundation of progress made under CAREC...
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The Government of Canada and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) established the Integrated Disaster Risk Management (IDRM) Fund in February 2013. The Fund was created to advance proactive integrated disaster risk management measures on a regional basis within ADB's developing member countries in Southeast Asia, specifically, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Viet Nam. During its operation,...
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This report shows how the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) can leverage its regional position to boost trade, increase agriculture, and harness the power of its cities to promote inclusive and equitable growth. Analyzing the Lao PDR's production and trading structure, it details the Greater Mekong Subregion's plan to improve competitiveness, community, and connectivity in order to converge income and living standards between members. Outlining...
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